Pharmacogenetics is the study of how genetic variations influence an individual’s response to drugs. These genetic differences affect pharmacokinetics (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) and pharmacodynamics (drug–receptor interactions). Understanding pharmacogenetics…
Population Pharmacokinetics (PopPK) is the study of how drugs are processed within a large and diverse group of individuals. Unlike traditional pharmacokinetics, which examines drug behavior in carefully controlled environments…
Extracorporeal removal of drugs refers to the use of external mechanical systems to eliminate drugs or toxins from the bloodstream. This technique is primarily used in cases of severe drug…
The liver plays a central role in drug metabolism, biotransformation, biliary excretion, and protein synthesis. Hepatic disease—whether due to hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, fatty liver, or cirrhosis—significantly alters pharmacokinetics. These…
Uremia is a clinical condition resulting from severe renal impairment in which the kidneys are unable to remove metabolic waste products effectively. As renal function declines, patients experience fluid, electrolyte,…
Renal disease has a major impact on the elimination of many drugs and their metabolites. This makes dosage adjustment an essential part of clinical pharmacokinetics. In patients with compromised kidney…
Renal impairment significantly affects the pharmacokinetic behavior of many drugs. Since the kidneys play a key role in drug elimination and homeostasis, any reduction in renal function can alter the…